Introduction to Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by multiple etiologies and characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water and electrolytes due to defects in insulin secretion and/or action (insulin resistance).
Types of Diabetes
Diabetes can be divided into insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, also known as type 1 diabetes), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, also known as type 2 diabetes), gestational diabetes and special types of diabetes. The absolute absence of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells is the main cause of type 1 diabetes. Decreased insulin secretion due to insulin resistance and/or defective pancreatic β-cell function is characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy. Special types of diabetes are a wide range, and are some hyperglycemic states with relatively clear etiologies, such as genetic defects in islet β-cell function/insulin action, pancreatic exocrine diseases, and endocrine diseases.
Current Status of Diabetes
With the development of society and the trend of aging population, diabetes has become a global disease. According to data provided by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), about 537 million adults aged 20–79 worldwide will have diabetes in 2021, accounting for 10.5%. Compared to 2019, the figure represents a 16% increase, highlighting the alarming increase in the prevalence of diabetes worldwide. The total number of people with diabetes worldwide is projected to increase to 643 million by 2030, and to 783 million by 2045.
As a serious non-communicable chronic disease, diabetes has become a major public health problem concerned by countries all over the world. Data provided by the IDF shows that in 2021, global health spending due to diabetes is estimated to be $966 billion, an increase of about 316% over the past 15 years. Excluding deaths related to COVID-19, about 6.7 million adults are expected to die from diabetes or its complications in 2021, accounting for 12.2% of all-cause deaths globally. One person dies from diabetes every five seconds at this location. Worldwide, 541 million adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Treatment of Diabetes
The treatment of diabetes is a comprehensive treatment of early and long-term, active and rational and individualized treatment measures. The goal is to correct metabolic disorders, eliminate symptoms, prevent or delay the occurrence of complications, reduce mortality, and ensure normal growth and development and pregnancy process. With the continuous advancement of medicine, it has a good effect on reducing the complications of diabetes. The treatment of diabetes is updated every year, in order to optimize the treatment effect and prolong the life of diabetic patients.
After continuous exploration by researchers all over the world, some technologies about peptides have shown great advantages in the treatment of diabetes. Certain peptide drugs can significantly promote insulin secretion and help restore the function of pancreatic beta cells.
Treatment of Diabetes — BOC Sciences
Amylin (IAPP) & Analogs
Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), also known as amylin, is produced by islet beta cells, and its molecular structure is a peptide containing 37 amino acids. IAPP (Amylin) cooperates with insulin, glucagon, etc. to regulate glucose homeostasis. IAPP (amyloid) is a major component of the pancreatic amyloid deposits found in the pancreas of patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that it may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. IAPP (Amylin) lowers blood sugar by reducing postprandial glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and suppressing appetite. IAPP (amylin) prepared by genetic engineering has been used in the clinical treatment of diabetes. IAPP (amylin) analogs, such as Pramlintide, also showed good positive effects as adjunctive drugs for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Exendin & Analogs
The unique habit of a lizard called the Gila monster is that it eats a lot, but eats less frequently. It can eat about half its body weight at a time and only eats four times a year. The food you eat is converted into fat, which is then stored in the body in large quantities for the body to use. The saliva of beaded lizards contains exendin. Exendin is an exogenous biological peptide that can stabilize DPP-4 enzyme, has the ability to regulate blood sugar in the body, and can play a role in regulating blood sugar for 12 hours or even longer.
Name Exendin 3 (9–39)
CAS 133514–43–9
Sequence DLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS
